說到航天食品，很多人可能受一些「年代久遠」的科普書影響，認為都是牙膏狀的半固體食物，直接擠到嘴里那種。其實那只是加加林時代的航天食品?，F(xiàn)在航天食品早就百花齊放了，基本你在地面能吃到的食物類別，都有辦法給你弄上太空。

When it comes to aerospace food, many people may be influenced by some "aged" popular science books, thinking that they are toothpaste-like semi-solid foods that are squeezed directly into their mouths. In fact, it was just space food from the Gagarin era. Now space food has already blossomed. Basically the types of food you can eat on the ground can get you into space.

目前的太空食品可以分為如下幾類^[1]：

The current space food can be divided into the following categories ^[1]:

通常是采用冷凍干燥的方式進行脫水的食品。各種蔬菜，水果，再到泡面，冰淇淋，萬物皆可凍干。凍干食品由于水分含量太低，微生物無法存活，可以保存很久，復(fù)水起來非?？?，航天員只要在飛船或空間站里將這些凍干食品復(fù)水，就可以吃了。

It is usually the food that is dehydrated by freeze-drying. All kinds of vegetables, fruits, instant noodles, ice cream, everything can be freeze-dried. Freeze-dried food is too low in water content, microorganisms can not survive, can be stored for a long time, rehydration is very fast, as long as the astronauts rehydrate these freeze-dried food in the spacecraft or space station, they can eat.

當然，除了冷凍干燥，也有一些食品是噴霧干燥的。比如各種果汁、飲料等。

Of course, in addition to freeze-drying, there are also some foods that are spray-dried. Such as various fruit juices, beverages, etc.

（話說，冷凍干燥技術(shù)就是當初研發(fā)太空食品才搞出來的加工技術(shù)，現(xiàn)在早就下放到民間了）(In other words, freeze-drying technology is a processing technology that was developed only when space food was first developed, and it has long since been decentralized to the private sector)

一般是面包、餅干之類的零食。為了防止掉渣，表面上覆蓋了一層明膠之類的保護膜。吃的時候直接把整個食品塞嘴里，咀嚼的時候不要張嘴，食物就跑不出來。神舟五號的食品就屬于這一類。

Generally snacks such as bread and biscuits. In order to prevent slag, the surface is covered with a protective film such as gelatin. When eating, just stuff the whole food in your mouth, don’t open your mouth when chewing, the food won’t come out. The food of Shenzhou 5 falls into this category.

「軟罐頭」又叫「常溫料理包」，它和罐頭食品的制作方式相同，只是包裝材質(zhì)用了比較軟的袋裝材質(zhì)。簡單來說，食物制作完成、包裝后，放入滅菌鍋內(nèi)進行滅菌，殺滅包裝內(nèi)所有微生物。經(jīng)過滅菌之后的食物達到了「商業(yè)無菌」狀態(tài)，可以常溫保存很久而不用擔(dān)心食品安全風(fēng)險。這是目前航天食品的主要類別，在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪幸搽S處可見。

"Soft canned food" is also called "room temperature cooking bag". It is made in the same way as canned food, except that the packaging material uses a softer bag material. Simply put, after the food is prepared and packaged, it is placed in a sterilization pot for sterilization to kill all microorganisms in the package. The sterilized food has reached a "commercial sterile" state and can be stored at room temperature for a long time without worrying about food safety risks. This is currently the main category of aerospace food, and it can be seen everywhere in our daily lives.

我剛回答過一篇關(guān)于料理包的問題：

I just answered a question about cooking packages:

It is a common phenomenon to use food packages to make takeaways, some of which cost as low as 3 yuan, and the shelf life is as long as one and a half years. Can you accept such takeaways?

4) Frozen food and fresh fruits and vegetables

冷凍食品、新鮮水果蔬菜也可以作為航天員的選擇。但是，為了防止微生物在航天器內(nèi)傳播，這些食品要經(jīng)過嚴格的殺菌才能被帶上飛船。新鮮水果蔬菜要用消毒水浸泡，確保表面微生物被殺死，而且要保證帶上太空后在最前面幾天被消耗掉。

Frozen food, fresh fruits and vegetables can also be used as options for astronauts. However, in order to prevent the spread of microorganisms in the spacecraft, these foods must undergo strict sterilization before they can be carried on the spacecraft. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be soaked in disinfected water to ensure that surface microorganisms are killed, and to ensure that they are consumed within the first few days after being taken into space.

 

From website：https://daily.zhihu.com/